IGCSE Biology Notes

→ Index

img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}:root{--ast-post-nav-space:0;--ast-container-default-xlg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-lg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-slg-padding:2em;--ast-container-default-md-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-sm-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-xs-padding:2.4em;--ast-container-default-xxs-padding:1.8em;--ast-code-block-background:#eceff3;--ast-comment-inputs-background:#f9fafb;--ast-normal-container-width:1200px;--ast-narrow-container-width:750px;--ast-blog-title-font-weight:600;--ast-blog-meta-weight:600;--ast-global-color-primary:var(--ast-global-color-5);--ast-global-color-secondary:var(--ast-global-color-4);--ast-global-color-alternate-background:var(--ast-global-color-7);--ast-global-color-subtle-background:var(--ast-global-color-6);--ast-bg-style-guide:var(--ast-global-color-secondary,var(--ast-global-color-5));--ast-shadow-style-guide:0px 0px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.34);--ast-global-dark-bg-style:#fff;--ast-global-dark-lfs:#fbfbfb;--ast-widget-bg-color:#fafafa;--ast-wc-container-head-bg-color:#fbfbfb;--ast-title-layout-bg:#eee;--ast-search-border-color:#e7e7e7;--ast-lifter-hover-bg:#e6e6e6;--ast-gallery-block-color:#000;--srfm-color-input-label:var(--ast-global-color-2)}html{font-size:100%}a{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}a:hover,a:focus{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:var(--ast-body-line-height,1.65)}blockquote{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6),.site-title,.site-title a{font-weight:600}.site-title{font-size:26px;font-size:1.625rem;display:block}header .custom-logo-link img{max-width:200px;width:200px}.astra-logo-svg{width:200px}.site-header .site-description{font-size:15px;font-size:.9375rem;display:none}.entry-title{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem}.ast-blog-single-element.ast-taxonomy-container a{font-size:14px;font-size:.875rem}.ast-blog-meta-container{font-size:13px;font-size:.8125rem}.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover{border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;overflow:hidden}h1,.entry-content :where(h1){font-size:36px;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4em}h2,.entry-content :where(h2){font-size:30px;font-size:1.875rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em}h3,.entry-content :where(h3){font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em}h4,.entry-content :where(h4){font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:600}h5,.entry-content :where(h5){font-size:18px;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:600}h6,.entry-content :where(h6){font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:600}::selection{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);color:#fff}body,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.entry-title a,.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.tagcloud a:hover,.tagcloud a:focus,.tagcloud a.current-item{color:#fff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}input[type="radio"]:checked,input[type=reset],input[type="checkbox"]:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);box-shadow:none}.site-footer a:hover + .post-count,.site-footer a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.single .nav-links .nav-previous,.single .nav-links .nav-next{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.entry-meta,.entry-meta *{line-height:1.45;color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover *,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus *,.page-links > .page-link,.page-links .page-link:hover,.post-navigation a:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}#cat option,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.secondary .calendar_wrap #today,.ast-progress-val span{background:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.secondary a:hover + .post-count,.secondary a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.calendar_wrap #today > a{color:#fff}.page-links .page-link,.single .post-navigation a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit{padding:0 4px}.ast-search-menu-icon form.search-form{padding-right:0}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-form,.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field:focus{transition:all .2s}.search-form input.search-field:focus{outline:none}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-layout-element:not(.ast-builder-menu):not(.ast-header-divider-element),.ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-layout-element:not(.ast-builder-menu):not(.ast-header-divider-element){padding:15px 20px}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit:focus,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-header-search .ast-dropdown-active .ast-icon,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-inline-search .search-field:focus .ast-icon{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-desktop .ast-header-search .slide-search .search-form{border:2px solid var(--ast-global-color-0)}.ast-header-search .slide-search .search-field{background-color:var(--ast-global-dark-bg-style)}.ast-archive-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}.widget-title{font-size:22px;font-size:1.375rem;color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-single-post .entry-content a,.ast-comment-content a:not(.ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap a){text-decoration:underline}.ast-single-post .elementor-widget-button .elementor-button,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-tab a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-ifb-cta a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uabb-module-content a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-post-grid a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-timeline a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-toc__wrap a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-taxomony-box a,.entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts > li > a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-file__button,a.ast-post-filter-single,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-reply-link,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-edit-link{text-decoration:none}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search a:focus-visible:focus-visible,.astra-search-icon:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,.ast-menu-toggle:focus-visible,.site .skip-link:focus-visible,.wp-block-loginout input:focus-visible,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper,.ast-header-navigation-arrow:focus-visible,.ast-orders-table__row .ast-orders-table__cell:focus-visible,a#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,.button.search-submit:focus-visible,#search_submit:focus,.normal-search:focus-visible,.ast-header-account-wrap:focus-visible,.astra-cart-drawer-close:focus,.ast-single-variation:focus,.ast-button:focus,.ast-builder-button-wrap:has(.ast-custom-button-link:focus),.ast-builder-button-wrap .ast-custom-button-link:focus{outline-style:dotted;outline-color:inherit;outline-width:thin}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,.wp-block-search__input:focus,[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal:focus,.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close:focus,#ast-scroll-top:focus,#coupon_code:focus,#ast-coupon-code:focus{border-style:dotted;border-color:inherit;border-width:thin}input{outline:none}.site-logo-img img{transition:all .2s linear}body .ast-oembed-container *{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;left:0}body .wp-block-embed-pocket-casts .ast-oembed-container *{position:unset}.ast-single-post-featured-section + article{margin-top:2em}.site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section img{width:100%;overflow:hidden;object-fit:cover}.ast-separate-container .site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section + article{margin-top:-80px;z-index:9;position:relative;border-radius:4px}@media (min-width: 922px){.ast-no-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide{margin-left:-120px;margin-right:-120px;max-width:unset;width:unset}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px}.site-content .ast-article-image-container--full{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%);margin-right:calc(-50vw + 50%);max-width:100vw;width:100vw}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;max-width:inherit;width:auto}}.site > .ast-single-related-posts-container{margin-top:0}@media (min-width: 922px){.ast-desktop .ast-container--narrow{max-width:var(--ast-narrow-container-width);margin:0 auto}}.ast-page-builder-template .hentry{margin:0}.ast-page-builder-template .site-content > .ast-container{max-width:100%;padding:0}.ast-page-builder-template .site .site-content #primary{padding:0;margin:0}.ast-page-builder-template .no-results{text-align:center;margin:4em auto}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-pagination{padding:2em}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-no-title.ast-no-thumbnail{margin-top:0}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-header-without-markup{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-no-title.ast-no-meta{margin-bottom:0}.ast-page-builder-template.single .post-navigation{padding-bottom:2em}.ast-page-builder-template.single-post .site-content > .ast-container{max-width:100%}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header{margin-top:2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-archive-description{margin:2em auto 0;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-row{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.single.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header + .entry-content,.single.ast-page-builder-template .ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content article .entry-content{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width: 921px){.ast-page-builder-template.archive.ast-right-sidebar .ast-row article,.ast-page-builder-template.archive.ast-left-sidebar .ast-row article{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select,textarea{font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:24px;width:100%;padding:12px 16px;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.05);color:var(--ast-form-input-text,#475569)}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select{height:40px}input[type="date"]{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:var(--ast-border-color);background:var(--ast-global-color-secondary,var(--ast-global-color-5))}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type=reset]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="date"]:focus,select:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#046bd2;box-shadow:none;outline:none;color:var(--ast-form-input-focus-text,#475569)}label,legend{color:var(--ast-global-color-2,#111827);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}select{padding:6px 10px}fieldset{padding:30px;border-radius:4px}button,.ast-button,.button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}:root{--ast-comment-inputs-background:#fff}::placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9ca3af)}::-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9ca3af)}@media (max-width:921.9px){#ast-desktop-header{display:none}}@media (min-width:922px){#ast-mobile-header{display:none}}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{justify-content:center}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-theme-transparent-header #primary,.ast-theme-transparent-header #secondary{padding:0}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{padding:0}}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}div.wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),div.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover{color:#fff;background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.post-page-numbers.current .page-link,.ast-pagination .page-numbers.current{color:#fff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-top-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-width:2px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1em;padding-top:13px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:13px;padding-left:30px}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color),.ast-outline-button{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover,.ast-outline-button:hover,.ast-outline-button:focus,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:hover,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:focus{color:#fff;background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-single-post .entry-content a.ast-outline-button,.ast-single-post .entry-content .is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:transparent}.uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{border-radius:9999px}@media (max-width:921px){.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{padding-top:12px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:28px}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{padding-top:10px;padding-right:24px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:24px}}.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > figure{margin-bottom:1em}h1.widget-title{font-weight:600}h2.widget-title{font-weight:600}h3.widget-title{font-weight:600}.elementor-widget-container .elementor-loop-container .e-loop-item[data-elementor-type="loop-item"]{width:100%}.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h1,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h2,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h3,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h4,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h5,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h6{margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:calc(.3em + 10px)}#page{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100vh}.ast-404-layout-1 h1.page-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}.single .post-navigation a{line-height:1em;height:inherit}.error-404 .page-sub-title{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:inherit}.search .site-content .content-area .search-form{margin-bottom:0}#page .site-content{flex-grow:1}.widget{margin-bottom:1.25em}#secondary li{line-height:1.5em}#secondary .wp-block-group h2{margin-bottom:.7em}#secondary h2{font-size:1.7rem}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:3em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single .ast-article-single{padding:0}.ast-article-single .wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{padding-left:0}.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-narrow-container .comments-title{padding:1.5em 2em}.ast-page-builder-template .comment-form-textarea,.ast-comment-formwrap .ast-grid-common-col{padding:0}.ast-comment-formwrap{padding:0;display:inline-flex;column-gap:20px;width:100%;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.comments-area textarea#comment:focus,.comments-area textarea#comment:active,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:focus,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:active{box-shadow:none;outline:none}.archive.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header{margin-top:2em}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-formwrap{width:100%}.entry-title{margin-bottom:.6em}.ast-archive-description p{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.hentry{margin-bottom:1.5em}.site-content section.ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width:921px){.ast-left-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template #secondary,.archive.ast-right-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template .site-main{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-comment-formwrap.ast-row{column-gap:10px;display:inline-block}#ast-commentform .ast-grid-common-col{position:relative;width:100%}}@media (min-width:1201px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-author-box,.ast-separate-container .ast-404-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .no-results{padding:3em}}.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h1,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h2,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h3,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h4,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h5,.content-area .elementor-widget-theme-post-content h6{margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:calc(.3em + 10px)}.elementor-loop-container .e-loop-item,.elementor-loop-container .ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.elementor-loop-container .ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.elementor-loop-container .ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:0px}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-left-sidebar #content > .ast-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;width:100%}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border:0}.search-no-results.ast-separate-container #primary{margin-bottom:4em}}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:focus{color:#fff;background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.elementor-widget-heading h1.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.4em}.elementor-widget-heading h2.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.3em}.elementor-widget-heading h3.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.3em}.elementor-widget-heading h4.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.2em}.elementor-widget-heading h5.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.2em}.elementor-widget-heading h6.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.25em}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);color:#fff;font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1em;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;padding-top:15px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-left:30px}.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .entry-content .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{text-decoration:none}@media (max-width:921px){.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{padding-top:14px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:28px}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{padding-top:12px;padding-right:24px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:24px}}.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"],#comments .submit,.search .search-submit,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,.search .search-submit{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0;border-right-width:0;border-left-width:0;border-bottom-width:0;color:#fff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);padding-top:15px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-left:30px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1em}button:focus,.menu-toggle:hover,button:hover,.ast-button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover .button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=reset]:focus,input#submit:hover,input#submit:focus,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:hover,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:focus,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:focus{color:#fff;background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button.has-icon{padding-top:calc(15px - 3px);padding-right:calc(30px - 3px);padding-bottom:calc(15px - 3px);padding-left:calc(30px - 3px)}@media (max-width:921px){.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"],#comments .submit,.search .search-submit,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,.search .search-submit{padding-top:14px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:28px}}@media (max-width:544px){.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"],#comments .submit,.search .search-submit,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,.search .search-submit{padding-top:12px;padding-right:24px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:24px}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon{display:inline-block}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon{margin:0}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em}}@media (min-width:544px){.ast-container{max-width:100%}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{padding:1.5em 1em}.ast-separate-container #content .ast-container{padding-left:.54em;padding-right:.54em}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em}.ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field{width:170px}}#ast-mobile-header .ast-site-header-cart-li a{pointer-events:none}.ast-separate-container{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4)}@media (max-width:921px){.site-title{display:block}.site-header .site-description{display:none}h1,.entry-content :where(h1){font-size:30px}h2,.entry-content :where(h2){font-size:25px}h3,.entry-content :where(h3){font-size:20px}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-title{display:block}.site-header .site-description{display:none}h1,.entry-content :where(h1){font-size:30px}h2,.entry-content :where(h2){font-size:25px}h3,.entry-content :where(h3){font-size:20px}}@media (max-width:921px){html{font-size:91.2%}}@media (max-width:544px){html{font-size:91.2%}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px}}@media (min-width:922px){.site-content .ast-container{display:flex}}@media (max-width:921px){.site-content .ast-container{flex-direction:column}}.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){clear:none}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > .sub-menu{margin-left:-0px}}.entry-content li > p{margin-bottom:0}.site .comments-area{padding-bottom:2em;margin-top:2em}.wp-block-file{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.wp-block-pullquote{border:none}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote::before{content:"”";font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;display:flex;transform:rotate(180deg);font-size:6rem;font-style:normal;line-height:1;font-weight:bold;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.has-text-align-right > blockquote::before{justify-content:flex-start}.has-text-align-left > blockquote::before{justify-content:flex-end}figure.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote{max-width:100%;text-align:inherit}:root{--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-container-width:1200px;--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size:1200px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size:calc(1200px + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding) + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding))}.ast-narrow-container{--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size:750px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size:750px}@media (max-width: 921px){:root{--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding:2em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding:2em}}@media (max-width: 544px){:root{--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding:1.5em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding:3em;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding:1.5em}}.entry-content > .wp-block-group,.entry-content > .wp-block-cover,.entry-content > .wp-block-columns{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding);padding-right:var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding);padding-bottom:var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding);padding-left:var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding)}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%);margin-right:calc(-50vw + 50%);max-width:100vw;width:100vw}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%}[data-ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots){height:0}[data-ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator{margin:20px auto}[data-ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){max-width:100px}[data-ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator.has-background{padding:0}.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > *{max-width:var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide{max-width:var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size)}.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull{max-width:none}.entry-content .wp-block-columns{margin-bottom:0}blockquote{margin:1.5em;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.wp-block-quote:not(.has-text-align-right):not(.has-text-align-center){border-left:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.has-text-align-right > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-right{border-right:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.has-text-align-left > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-left{border-left:5px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.wp-block-site-tagline,.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more{margin-top:15px}.wp-block-loginout p label{display:block}.wp-block-loginout p:not(.login-remember):not(.login-submit) input{width:100%}.wp-block-loginout input:focus{border-color:transparent}.wp-block-loginout input:focus{outline:thin dotted}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:0 0 0 8%}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:0 8% 0 0}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:8%}.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]):not(.has-text-color.has-link-color) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text{color:var(--ast-global-color-primary,var(--ast-global-color-5))}.wp-block-loginout .login-remember input{width:1.1rem;height:1.1rem;margin:0 5px 4px 0;vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *:first-child,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li:first-child{margin-top:0}.entry-content > .wp-block-buttons,.entry-content > .wp-block-uagb-buttons{margin-bottom:1.5em}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input{padding:0 10px;color:var(--ast-global-color-3);background:var(--ast-global-color-primary,var(--ast-global-color-5));border-color:var(--ast-border-color)}.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more{margin-bottom:1.5em}.wp-block-search__no-button .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px}.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-date,.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-author{font-size:1rem}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li{margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide:where(:not(.uagb-is-root-container):not(.spectra-is-root-container)) > *{max-width:var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size)}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .inherit-container-width > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > *:not(.wp-block-group):where(:not(.uagb-is-root-container):not(.spectra-is-root-container)) > *,.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__inner-container{max-width:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignfull:where(:not(.wp-block-group):not(.uagb-is-root-container):not(.spectra-is-root-container)) > *{max-width:none}.entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-cover:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright){width:auto}@media (max-width: 1200px){.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-separate-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px));margin-right:calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px))}}@media (min-width: 1201px){.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding));margin-right:calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding))}.ast-separate-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding));margin-right:calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding))}}@media (min-width: 921px){.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)),.ast-plain-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)){max-width:calc(var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size) + 80px)}.ast-plain-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull{margin-left:-60px;margin-right:-60px}}@media (min-width: 544px){.entry-content > .alignleft{margin-right:20px}.entry-content > .alignright{margin-left:20px}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-columns .wp-block-column:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:20px}.wp-block-latest-posts{margin:0}}@media ( max-width: 600px ){.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content,.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:8% 0 0}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:8%}}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header{padding-left:0}.ast-narrow-container .site-content .wp-block-uagb-image--align-full .wp-block-uagb-image__figure{max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.entry-content ul,.entry-content ol{padding:revert;margin:revert;padding-left:20px}.entry-content ul.wc-block-product-template{padding:0}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4)}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4)}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6)}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6)}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7)}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7)}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8)}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8)}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)}:root{--ast-global-color-0:#046bd2;--ast-global-color-1:#045cb4;--ast-global-color-2:#1e293b;--ast-global-color-3:#334155;--ast-global-color-4:#f0f5fa;--ast-global-color-5:#fff;--ast-global-color-6:#d1d5db;--ast-global-color-7:#111;--ast-global-color-8:#111}:root{--ast-border-color:var(--ast-global-color-6)}.ast-single-entry-banner{-js-display:flex;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;text-align:center;position:relative;background:var(--ast-title-layout-bg)}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"]{max-width:1200px;background:inherit;padding:20px 0}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"]{margin:0 auto;width:100%}.ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content .entry-header{margin-bottom:0}.site .ast-author-avatar{}a.ast-underline-text{text-decoration:underline}.ast-container > .ast-terms-link{position:relative;display:block}a.ast-button.ast-badge-tax{padding:4px 8px;border-radius:3px;font-size:inherit}header.entry-header{text-align:left}header.entry-header .entry-title{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem}header.entry-header > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px}header.entry-header .post-thumb-img-content{text-align:center}header.entry-header .post-thumb img,.ast-single-post-featured-section.post-thumb img{aspect-ratio:16/9;width:100%;height:100%}@media (max-width:921px){header.entry-header{text-align:left}}@media (max-width:544px){header.entry-header{text-align:left}}.ast-archive-entry-banner{-js-display:flex;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;text-align:center;position:relative;background:var(--ast-title-layout-bg)}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"]{margin:0 auto;width:100%}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"]{background:inherit;padding:20px 0;text-align:left}body.archive .ast-archive-description{max-width:1200px;width:100%;text-align:left;padding-top:3em;padding-right:3em;padding-bottom:3em;padding-left:3em}body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title,body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title *{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem}body.archive .ast-archive-description > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px}@media (max-width:921px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left}}@media (max-width:544px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left}}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;text-decoration:none}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 .3em;content:"»"}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}.entry-title a{color:var(--ast-global-color-2)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1/-1}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1/-1}}.ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex}}.ast-builder-menu-1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-1 .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-style:solid}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu .sub-menu{top:-2px}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc(0px + 2px + 5px)}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0}}.ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex}}.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center}.ast-footer-copyright.site-footer-focus-item{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center}}.ast-footer-copyright.site-footer-focus-item{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}.ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex}}.site-primary-footer-wrap{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:45px}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"]{background-color:#f9f9f9;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:#e6e6e6}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:flex-start}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0}.ast-builder-grid-row-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}@media (max-width:921px){.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"]{display:grid}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"]{display:grid}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-primary-footer-wrap[data-section="section-primary-footer-builder"]{display:grid}}.footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:auto}.ast-footer-row-inline .footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:100%}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{margin:0}.elementor-page .ast-menu-toggle{color:unset !important;background:unset !important}.elementor-post.elementor-grid-item.hentry{margin-bottom:0}.woocommerce div.product .elementor-element.elementor-products-grid .related.products ul.products li.product,.elementor-element .elementor-wc-products .woocommerce[class*='columns-'] ul.products li.product{width:auto;margin:0;float:none}.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{margin:0}body .elementor hr{background-color:#ccc;margin:0}.ast-left-sidebar .elementor-section.elementor-section-stretched,.ast-right-sidebar .elementor-section.elementor-section-stretched{max-width:100%;left:0 !important}.elementor-posts-container [CLASS*="ast-width-"]{width:100%}.elementor-template-full-width .ast-container{display:block}.elementor-screen-only,.screen-reader-text,.screen-reader-text span,.ui-helper-hidden-accessible{top:0 !important}@media (max-width:544px){.elementor-element .elementor-wc-products .woocommerce[class*="columns-"] ul.products li.product{width:auto;margin:0}.elementor-element .woocommerce .woocommerce-result-count{float:none}}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled .ast-builder-menu-1 div:not( .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper) .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu{box-shadow:0px 4px 10px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.ast-desktop .ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:35%}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%}}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px}}.main-header-menu .menu-item,#astra-footer-menu .menu-item,.main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{-js-display:flex;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-moz-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,#astra-footer-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{height:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-js-display:flex;display:flex}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link .icon-arrow:first-of-type svg{top:.2em;margin-top:0px;margin-left:0px;width:.65em;transform:translate(0,-2px) rotateZ(270deg)}.ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle{transform:rotateX(180deg);overflow-y:auto}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-builder-menu .main-navigation > ul > li:last-child a{margin-right:0}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container .comments-area{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5)}}#ast-scroll-top{display:none;position:fixed;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;z-index:99;width:2.1em;height:2.1em;line-height:2.1;color:#fff;border-radius:2px;content:"";outline:inherit}@media (min-width: 769px){#ast-scroll-top{content:"769"}}#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{margin-left:0px;vertical-align:middle;transform:translate(0,-20%) rotate(180deg);width:1.6em}.ast-scroll-to-top-right{right:30px;bottom:30px}.ast-scroll-to-top-left{left:30px;bottom:30px}#ast-scroll-top{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);font-size:15px}@media (max-width:921px){#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{width:1em}}.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > *{padding:10px 0;height:auto}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:first-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:first-child{padding-top:10px}.ast-mobile-header-content > .ast-builder-menu,.ast-desktop-header-content > .ast-builder-menu{padding-top:0}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:last-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:last-child{padding-bottom:0}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label{width:100%}.ast-desktop-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before{transform:rotateX(180deg)}#ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-desktop-header-content{display:none}.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point #ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content{display:block}.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation{width:unset;margin:unset}.ast-mobile-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-desktop-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{left:calc(20px - .907em);right:auto}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search{width:100%;position:relative;display:block;right:auto;transform:none}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form{right:0;visibility:visible;opacity:1;position:relative;top:auto;transform:none;padding:0;display:block;overflow:hidden}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field{width:100%;padding-right:5.5em}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit{display:block;position:absolute;height:100%;top:0;right:0;padding:0 1em;border-radius:0}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation ul .sub-menu .menu-link{padding-left:30px}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:40px}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{background-color:#fff}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-desktop-header-content{background-color:#fff}.ast-mobile-popup-content > *,.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-popup-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > *{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px}.content-align-flex-start .ast-builder-layout-element{justify-content:flex-start}.content-align-flex-start .main-header-menu{text-align:left}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close{color:#3a3a3a}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:80px}.ast-desktop:not(:has(.ast-header-sticked)) .ast-primary-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:80px}.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-below-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid}}.ast-primary-header-bar{background-color:#fff;background-image:none}.ast-primary-header-bar.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}.ast-primary-header-bar{display:block}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid}}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border:none;background:transparent}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-toggle-icon .ast-mobile-svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:var(--ast-global-color-0)}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-wrap .mobile-menu{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);background:var(--ast-global-color-4)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);background:var(--ast-global-color-4)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1)}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .sub-menu{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);background-image:none}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu.nitro-lazy,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-link.nitro-lazy,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .sub-menu.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0}}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block}}:root{--e-global-color-astglobalcolor0:#046bd2;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor1:#045cb4;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor2:#1e293b;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor3:#334155;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor4:#f0f5fa;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor5:#fff;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor6:#d1d5db;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor7:#111;--e-global-color-astglobalcolor8:#111}img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 .07em !important;vertical-align:-.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important}:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0:var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1:var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2:var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3:var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4:var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5:var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6:var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7:var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8:var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,#0693e3 0%,#9b51e0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,#7adcb4 0%,#00d082 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,#fcb900 0%,#ff6900 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,#ff6900 0%,#cf2e2e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,#eee 0%,#a9b8c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,#4aeadc 0%,#9778d1 20%,#cf2aba 40%,#ee2c82 60%,#fb6962 80%,#fef84c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffceec 0%,#9896f0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,#fecda5 0%,#fe2d2d 50%,#6b003e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffcb70 0%,#c751c0 50%,#4158d0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5cb 0%,#b6e3d4 50%,#33a7b5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,#caf880 0%,#71ce7e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381 0%,#2874fc 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20:.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px #fff,6px 6px #000;--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px #000}:root{--wp--style--global--content-size:var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size:var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size)}:where(body){margin:0}.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft{float:left;margin-right:2em}.wp-site-blocks > .alignright{float:right;margin-left:2em}.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter{justify-content:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > *{margin-block-start:24px;margin-block-end:0}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child{margin-block-start:0}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child{margin-block-end:0}:root{--wp--style--block-gap:24px}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start:0}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end:0}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start:24px;margin-block-end:0}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start:0}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end:0}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start:24px;margin-block-end:0}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap:24px}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap:24px}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:2em}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float:right;margin-inline-start:2em;margin-inline-end:0}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:2em}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float:right;margin-inline-start:2em;margin-inline-end:0}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width:var(--wp--style--global--wide-size)}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin:0}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin:0}body{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration:none}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color:#32373c;border-width:0;color:#fff;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;padding-top:calc(.667em + 2px);padding-right:calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom:calc(.667em + 2px);padding-left:calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none;text-transform:inherit}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important}.has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important}.has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important}.has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important}.has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important}.has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important}.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important}.has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important}.has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important}.has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important}.has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important}.has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important}.has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important}.has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important}.has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important}.has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important}.has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important}.has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important}.has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important}.has-ast-global-color-0-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important}.has-ast-global-color-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important}.has-ast-global-color-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important}.has-ast-global-color-3-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important}.has-ast-global-color-4-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important}.has-ast-global-color-5-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important}.has-ast-global-color-6-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important}.has-ast-global-color-7-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important}.has-ast-global-color-8-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:999999;width:auto;max-width:100%}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar{position:relative;top:auto;width:auto;box-shadow:1px 1px 10px 3px rgba(0,0,0,20%);box-sizing:border-box;padding:20px 30px;background:#fff;margin-left:0 !important;height:100vh;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar #ez-toc-sticky-container{padding:0px;border:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:65px}#ez-toc-sticky-container a{color:#000}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar .ez-toc-sticky-title-container{border-bottom-color:#eee;background-color:#fff;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;width:100%;position:absolute;height:auto;top:0;left:0;z-index:99999999}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar .ez-toc-sticky-title-container .ez-toc-sticky-title{font-weight:600;font-size:18px;color:#111}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-close-icon{-webkit-appearance:none;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;float:right;font-size:30px;font-weight:600;line-height:1;position:relative;color:#111;top:-2px;text-decoration:none}.ez-toc-open-icon{position:fixed;left:0px;top:8%;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;padding:5px 10px 15px 10px;box-shadow:1px -5px 10px 5px rgba(0,0,0,10%);background-color:#fff;color:#111;display:inline-grid;line-height:1.4;border-radius:0px 10px 10px 0px;z-index:999999}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed.hide{-webkit-transition:opacity .3s linear,left .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1);-ms-transition:opacity .3s linear,left .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1);-o-transition:opacity .3s linear,left .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1);transition:opacity .3s linear,left .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1);left:-100%}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed.show{-webkit-transition:left .3s linear,left .3s easy-out;-moz-transition:left .3s linear;-o-transition:left .3s linear;transition:left .3s linear;left:0}.ez-toc-open-icon span.arrow{font-size:18px}.ez-toc-open-icon span.text{font-size:13px;writing-mode:vertical-rl;text-orientation:mixed}@media screen and (max-device-width: 640px){.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar{min-width:auto}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar.show{padding-top:35px}.ez-toc-sticky-fixed .ez-toc-sidebar #ez-toc-sticky-container{min-width:100%}}.ez-toc-sticky-toggle-direction{direction:ltr}.ez-toc-sticky-toggle-counter ul{direction:ltr;counter-reset:item}.ez-toc-sticky-toggle-counter nav ul li a::before{content:counter(item,none) "- ";margin-right:.2em;counter-increment:item;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;float:left}#content:before{content:"921";position:absolute;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.blog-layout-2{position:relative}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.single.ast-page-builder-template .ast-single-author-box{padding:2em 20px}.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta{padding:3em}@media (max-width:921px){.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta{padding:1.5em 2.14em}.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-avatar{margin-bottom:1em}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{width:100%}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-md-1 .ast-article-post{width:100%}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-md-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-md-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-md-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts{padding:0 .75em 0}.blog-layout-1 .post-content,.blog-layout-1 .ast-blog-featured-section{float:none}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on{margin-top:0}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:1em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-2.14em;margin-right:-2.14em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .entry-header .post-thumb-img-content:first-child{margin-top:-1.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-2.14em;margin-right:-2.14em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-right:-1.5em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-.5em;margin-right:-.5em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on{margin-top:0}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:1em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.5em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-right:-1.5em}.blog-layout-2{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse}.ast-separate-container .blog-layout-3,.ast-separate-container .blog-layout-1{display:block}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{width:100%}.ast-separate-container .ast-blog-layout-4-grid .ast-article-post{display:flex}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-top:0;margin-left:-2.14em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-top:0;margin-left:-1.14em}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:1.33333em}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-thumb .post-content,.blog-layout-3.ast-no-thumb .post-content{width:calc(100% - 5.714285714em)}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-thumb.ast-no-date-box .post-content,.blog-layout-3.ast-no-thumb.ast-no-date-box .post-content{width:100%}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts{border-bottom:0}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after{flex-basis:0;width:0}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{display:flex;padding:0}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:stretch}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after{flex-basis:0;width:0}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{display:flex}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post:last-child{margin-bottom:1.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:stretch}.single .ast-author-meta .ast-author-details{display:flex;align-items:center}.post-author-bio .author-title{margin-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width:922px){.single .post-author-avatar,.single .post-author-bio{float:left;clear:right}.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-avatar{margin-right:1.33333em}.single .ast-author-meta .about-author-title-wrapper,.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-bio{text-align:left}.blog-layout-2 .post-content{padding-right:2em}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-date-box.ast-no-thumb .post-content{padding-right:0}.blog-layout-3 .post-content{padding-left:2em}.blog-layout-3.ast-no-date-box.ast-no-thumb .post-content{padding-left:0}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1){padding:0 1em 0}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-sm-1 .ast-article-post{width:100%}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-sm-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-sm-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-sm-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts{padding:0 .5em 0}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-sm-1 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts{padding:0}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-.5em;margin-right:-.5em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:.5em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.33333em}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-2,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-3{padding:1.33333em 1em}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1{padding:1.33333em 1em}.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta{padding:1.5em 1em}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-.5em}}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-bottom:20px}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-hide-display-device-desktop{display:none}[class^="astra-advanced-hook-"] .wp-block-query .wp-block-post-template .wp-block-post{width:100%}}@media (min-width:545px) and (max-width:921px){.ast-hide-display-device-tablet{display:none}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-hide-display-device-mobile{display:none}}.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on,.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on *{background:var(--ast-global-color-0);color:#fff}.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-month,.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-year{color:#fff}.ast-load-more:hover{color:#fff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.ast-loader > div{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:2em}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field{border-radius:2px}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit{border-radius:2px}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form{border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-color:#ddd;border-radius:2px}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px}}@media (min-width:993px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px}}@media (min-width:1201px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond .ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper .single.ast-separate-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container{padding-right:2.14em;padding-left:2.14em}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-narrow-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container{padding-right:2.14em;padding-left:2.14em}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-plain-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em}.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar.ast-narrow-container .entry-content .alignfull{margin-right:-2.14em;margin-left:-2.14em}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-separate-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container{padding-right:1em;padding-left:1em}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-narrow-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container{padding-right:1em;padding-left:1em}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar.ast-narrow-container .entry-content .alignfull{margin-right:-1em;margin-left:-1em}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .site-branding,.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-stack .ast-mobile-menu-buttons{padding-bottom:0px}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget,.ast-separate-container #secondary .widget{margin-bottom:1.5em}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-top:0px}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-bottom:0px}}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-megamenu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:solid}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu .sub-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;padding-right:20px}.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc(20px - .907em)}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px}}[CLASS*="-sticky-header-active"] .ast-header-sticked [data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-toggle-icon .ast-mobile-svg{fill:var(--ast-global-color-0)}[CLASS*="-sticky-header-active"] .ast-header-sticked [data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-wrap .mobile-menu{color:var(--ast-global-color-0)}[CLASS*="-sticky-header-active"] .ast-header-sticked [data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal{background:transparent}.site-title,.site-title a{font-weight:600;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;line-height:1.23em}.ast-blog-meta-container{font-weight:600}.ast-read-more-container a{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}.ast-excerpt-container{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}.ast-pagination .page-numbers,.ast-pagination .page-navigation{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}#secondary .widget-title,.woocommerce-page #secondary .widget .widget-title{font-size:26px;font-size:1.625rem;font-weight:600;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;line-height:1.23em}.secondary .widget > *:not(.widget-title){font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}.blog .entry-title,.blog .entry-title a,.archive .entry-title,.archive .entry-title a,.search .entry-title,.search .entry-title a{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-weight:500;line-height:1.23em}button,.ast-button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"]{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:500}h4.widget-title{font-weight:600}h5.widget-title{font-weight:600}h6.widget-title{font-weight:600}.elementor-widget-heading h4.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.2em}.elementor-widget-heading h5.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.2em}.elementor-widget-heading h6.elementor-heading-title{line-height:1.25em}.ast-hfb-header.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-heading > .menu-link{font-weight:700}.ast-desktop .ast-mm-widget-content .ast-mm-widget-item{padding:0}.ast-header-break-point .menu-text + .icon-arrow,.ast-desktop .menu-link > .icon-arrow:first-child,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link .icon-arrow,.ast-header-break-point .astra-mm-highlight-label + .icon-arrow{display:none}.ast-advanced-headers-layout.ast-advanced-headers-layout-2 .ast-container{flex-direction:column}.ast-advanced-headers-different-logo .advanced-header-logo,.ast-header-break-point .ast-has-mobile-header-logo .advanced-header-logo{display:inline-block}.ast-header-break-point.ast-advanced-headers-different-logo .ast-has-mobile-header-logo .ast-mobile-header-logo{display:none}.ast-advanced-headers-layout{width:100%}.ast-header-break-point .ast-advanced-headers-parallax{background-attachment:fixed}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important}@media screen and (max-height: 1024px){.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}}@media screen and (max-height: 640px){.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}@media only screen and (max-width: 768px){html,body{width:100%;overflow-x:hidden}}body{margin:0;font-family:Arial}.reader-layout{display:flex;height:100vh}.chapter-sidebar{width:280px;background:#f3f4f6;padding:20px;border-right:1px solid #ddd;overflow-y:auto}.chapter-sidebar h4{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:20px;font-size:20px}.chapter-sidebar button{width:100%;padding:16px 18px;margin-bottom:12px;border:none;border-radius:10px;background:#0097b2;color:white;cursor:pointer;font-size:15px;text-align:left;line-height:1.6;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal}.chapter-sidebar button.active{background:#4caf50}.pdf-viewer{flex:1;overflow:auto;padding:25px;background:#fafafa}#pdf-container{width:100%;overflow:hidden}canvas{display:block;margin:auto;margin-bottom:25px;border:1px solid #ddd;width:100% !important;height:auto !important}.popup{display:none;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.6);justify-content:center;align-items:center;z-index:9999}.popup-card{width:380px;background:white;padding:30px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;position:relative}.popup-close{position:absolute;top:10px;right:15px;font-size:22px;cursor:pointer}#whatsapp-number{width:100%;padding:12px;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:6px;font-size:14px}.iti{width:100%}.popup-card input{width:100%;padding:12px;margin-bottom:12px;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:6px}.popup-card button{width:100%;padding:14px;background:#4caf50;border:none;color:white;border-radius:6px;cursor:pointer;font-size:16px;margin-top:15px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.reader-layout{flex-direction:column;height:auto}.chapter-sidebar{width:100%;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;gap:10px;padding:12px;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;white-space:nowrap;align-items:center}.chapter-sidebar h4{display:none}.chapter-sidebar button{flex:0 0 auto;min-width:220px;margin:0;font-size:14px;padding:14px;text-align:center}.pdf-viewer{padding:12px}.popup-card{width:92%;padding:22px}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.chapter-sidebar button{min-width:190px;font-size:13px;padding:12px}.popup-card{width:95%}}

IGCSE Biology Notes: Complete Syllabus Notes for Exam Preparation

IGCSE Biology Notes

Quick links

Board

Important Links

Important Links

Let's Contact

IGCSE Biology Notes: Complete Syllabus Notes for Exam Preparation

IGCSE Biology Notes

IGCSE Biology Notes

Unlock Full Chapter